托福阅读考试时间分配细节介绍

由柏浪涛滔不绝 分享时间：2021-11-01 09:29:20 收藏本文

【简介】感谢网友“柏浪涛滔不绝”参与投稿，这里小编给大家分享一些托福阅读考试时间分配细节介绍（共13篇），方便大家学习。

篇1：托福阅读考试时间分配细节介绍

托福阅读考试时间分配细节介绍合理用时才能确保做完题目

托福阅读做题顺序建议边看边做

大部分考生都会有如此的一个习惯，首先是把托福阅读文章通读一遍，而后又去看题目。如此做的考生并非是你的阅读水平极高的话，提醒大家别如此做，由于若你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，也许你的阅读文章将耗尽你大多数的时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。

但此方法并非是绝对不可取，若这篇文章是你原来就已经读过的，即使你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;另外还有一种就是前面提及的，你的阅读水平极高，能够轻松的应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法就宣布你的“死刑”。

托福阅读每篇文章都要分配固定时间

通常不会碰到加试的情况下，那么你有60分钟(8月起缩短为54分钟)用来应对3篇700字左右的文章，还有30道左右的题目。如此若你根据18分钟一篇文章来解题的话，如此时间刚好是54分钟。但考生们还必须要清楚的是托福阅读3篇文章的难易度是不相同的，若前面的文章偏难一些情况下，如此大家会有更多的时间后面文章简单一些问题还不大，但若前面的文章题目较简单你一样是可以使用20分钟，在后面遇到较难的文章和题目的时候就会时间不够用了。

因此小编大家在托福阅读考试时第一篇阅读做题时最好别超过18分钟。如此你的时间是否真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到时你后面的题目依然是并未来得及看就只能靠猜了，而这么做的正确率将会大打折扣。

托福阅读极速阅读方法练习

Part I：极速词法

1、maybe adv. 也许; 2、don’t know what to say不知道该说什么好;

3、shouldn’t have done sth.不该做(已经做了的)事情;

4、awfully sorry 非常抱歉; 5、realize vt. 意识到;

6、care about在意; 7、slept vi. 睡觉(sleep的过去时和过去分词);

8、the World Cup世界杯; 9、turn on打开(电器);

10、regret vt. 后悔; 11、sleepy adj. 困倦的;

12、for one’s good为某人好; 13、fall in love恋爱，坠入爱河;

14、purse n. 钱夹; 15、lie to sb.对某人撒谎;

16、lap-top笔记本电脑; 17、first prize 一等奖;

18、deserve vt.(好事)应该得到的，(坏事)活该

Part II：极速句法

对话1

Mary:John, did you tell Susan that I am 26 years old?

John:Oh, well, maybe. I don’t remember very well now.

Mary:John, well, I really don’t know what to say, but you shouldn’t have told her about my age.

John:I’m awfully sorry for that, Mary. I would never do that again.

Mary:Well, in fact, I shouldn’t have told you about my age.

John:I really didn’t realize that you would care so much about it.

Mary:Who doesn’t care?

John:I don’t know, but I don’t myself.

Mary:Well, you’re really different!

对话2

Kathy:You look tired. You must not have slept well last night.

Jim:No, I didn’t. As a matter of fact, I only slept for 1 hour.

Kathy:You shouldn’t have slept so little.

Jim:But the World Cup football match was so exciting.

Kathy:But you would have to come to class today. In fact, you shouldn’t have even turned on the TV.

Jim:Now I really regret it. Oh, I’m so sleepy!

Kathy:You deserve it!

Jim:Come on, Kathy, you shouldn’t have said that. You aren’t my mother, are you?

Kathy:No, I’m not, but I’m saying all these for your good.

精美语句

1.I really don’t know what to say, but you shouldn’t have given him the money.

2.I shouldn’t have ever believed her.

3.I should have told her about it.

4.He should have come to me for help.

5.I should have worked harder.

6.I should have read more books.

7.I shouldn’t have fallen in love so young.

8.You should have told me earlier.

9.We shouldn’t have come here.

10.We should have called him before we left.

11.It’s wet on the ground. It must have rained just now.

12.The light in her room is out. She must have gone to bed.

13.I can’t find my purse. It was on my bed. Someone must have taken it.

14.He must have already known that you had lied to him.

15.Someone must have taken away my lap-top.

16.I really regret saying that to her.

17.Do you regret marrying me?

18.If you do it, you’ll regret it.

19.I would never regret being an English teacher.

20.I won the first prize!—You deserve it.

托福阅读：美国历史背景

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.

The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.

The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.

The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.

The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock &roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.

The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country.

The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.

The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

篇2：托福阅读怎么分配时间?

托福阅读怎么分配时间?读文章和解题时间合理安排计划分享

托福阅读时间分配细节介绍

托福阅读包含3篇阅读，每篇阅读的时间为18分钟。建议是每篇文章，无论难易，都用15分钟做完，剩下的9分钟一律补充到较难的文章中去。如何补充呢?大家可以在做题的过程中一边做题一边将难题记录下来，最后的9分钟用来检查或者重做这些难题。

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

刚才建议大家一篇文章用15分钟做完，这个时间包含了全文阅读的时间和做题的时间，比较合理的安排是3-4分钟用来阅读，剩下的时间用来做题。3-4分钟是无法将整篇文章逐字逐句地进行阅读的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要详读，有些部分要略读。而不管详略，主要的目的是为了读出文章的结构和讨论的主要内容。下面讲讲详读的具体步骤。

1 读标题

文章的标题能透露不少的信息，在看到文章的标题后对全文的结构可以进行一个预测。比如说Applied Arts and Fine Arts，这个标题很明显是对比类型的标题，文章中应该会有两个讨论对象，而且是分类进行阐述的。

2 读主题句

有一个很好的技巧就是直接从最后一题中寻找线索，因为最后一道往往是文章小结题或者填表题，最后一题能很快帮助你锁定文章讨论的对象甚至结构。然后还可以从文章的首位句群中寻找主题句，记住，是句群而不是段落。因为有的主题句并不在第一段，具体的寻找方法在课内可以跟学员们分享。

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图

在进行完前面两步后，对于文章的结构和主要内容都会有比较好的把握，笔者建议学生可以在平时的练习中将文章的逻辑结构画出来，经过这样的练习，阅读的理解能力肯定会有提升。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：华盛顿野生鹿群的变迁

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history , the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.

词汇讲解：

biotic /ba?'?t?k/ adj. 关于生命的，生物的

fluctuate /'fl?kt??e?t/ v. 涨落，波动

approximately /?'prɑks?m?tli/ adv. 大约

yield /ji?ld/ v. 生产，产生;屈服，让步

结构划分：

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), (in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time), says that (“since the early 1940s, ) the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, (the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), ) (which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time)，插入语，其中还有两个介词(in Washington) (through recorded time)

中文：回顾在华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性

修饰二：(since the early 1940s) ，介词短语

中文：自从20世纪40年代早期

修饰三：(the winter population fluctuatingaround approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer)) ，大家能看懂这个修饰即可。其实这里有一个独立主格结构，嗯，好吧，不知道也能看懂的。

中文：冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动

修饰四：(which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period“.)，从句，修饰winter population，其中for an indefinite period表示不定期

中文：这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只

主干：Wild lifezoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953) says that，后面接宾语从句

参考翻译：

野生动物学家Hulmut Buechner(1953)在回顾华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性之后说道：“从20世纪40年代早期，华盛顿州拥有鹿的数量比以历史任何时期都多，冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动，这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只”。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：早期社会仪式的取消和传承

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

词汇讲解：

cease /si?s/ v. 停止，中止

well-being n. 幸福;(尤指) 健康

retain /r?'te?n/ v. 保持或保留;

结构划分：

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites (essential to their well-being) and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained (as parts of their oral tradition) the myths (that had grown up around the rites) and admired them (for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(essential to their well-being)，修饰rites，

中文：对于他们的幸福健康是必要

修饰二：(as parts of their oral tradition) ，介词短语，修饰myths，这里有一个短语retain…as，本来myths要放在retained之后，但是由于myths后面有从句，宾语较长，所以置后了，大家要注意这里语序的问题。

中文：作为它们口头传统的部分

修饰三：(that had grown up around therites) ，从句，修饰myths

中文：从仪式里发展出来的

修饰四：(for their artistic qualitiesrather than for their religious usefulness. ) ，介词短语，修饰them，这里有一个很重要短语rather than，表示而不是

中文：因为他们的艺术性而不是宗教用途

主干：they retained the myths

参考翻译：

例如，一些早期社会不再认为某些仪式对于他们的幸福健康是必要的，便取消了那些仪式，但是，他们保留了那些从仪式里发展出来的神话作为口头传统的一部分，并因为他们的艺术性而不是宗教用途而喜爱它们。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：特殊时期的动物化石

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

词汇讲解：

paleontologist /?pe?l??n?t?l?d ??st/ n. 古生物学家

descendant /d?'send(?)nt/ n. 子孙，后代

结构划分：

At one time, the animals (present in these fossil beds) were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms (that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period), (leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(present in these fossil beds)，形容词短语，修饰animals，注意是放在后面哦

中文：存在于这些化石床中

修饰二：(that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period)，从句，修饰body forms

中文：出现在Cambrian时期早期，并在这个时期末期前消失

修饰三：(leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.)，非谓语动词修饰前面的主干

中文：在现代动物群组中没有留下后代

主干：most paleontologists now agree that，that后面整个宾语从句，从all到groups

参考翻译：

曾经存在于这些化石床中的动物被分配到各种现代动物群组中，但现在大多数古生物学家都同意：所有Tommotian的化石代表了出现在Cambrian时期早期并在这个时期末期前消失独特的化石形式，在现代动物群组中没有留下后代。

篇3：托福阅读时间分配和阅读步骤

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读包含3篇阅读，每篇阅读的时间为20分钟。建议是每篇文章，无论难易，都用17分钟做完，剩下的9分钟一律补充到较难的文章中去。如何补充呢?大家可以在做题的过程中一边做题一边将难题记录下来，最后的9分钟用来检查或者重做这些难题。

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

刚才建议大家一篇文章用17分钟做完，这个时间包含了全文阅读的时间和做题的时间，比较合理的安排是3-4分钟用来阅读，剩下的时间用来做题。3-4分钟是无法将整篇文章逐字逐句地进行阅读的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要详读，有些部分要略读。而不管详略，主要的目的是为了读出文章的结构和讨论的主要内容。下面讲讲详读的具体步骤。

1 读标题

2 读主题句

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图

托福阅读真题练习：岩石

托福阅读文本：

Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.

All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.

On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.

托福阅读题目：

1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that

(A) the Earth began as a molten mass

(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust

(D) igneous rock is continually being formed

2. The word ”invade“ in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) move into

(B) neutralize

(D) deposit

3. The word ”contemporary“ in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) vast

(B) natural

(D) uneven

4. The word ”it“ in line 16 refers to

(A) granite

(B) surface

(D) texture

5. Granite that has been found above ground has been

(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma

(B) produced during a volcanic explosion

(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth

6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?

(A) granite

(B) plutonic rock

(D) mineral crystals

7. The word ”finely“ in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) minutely

(B) loosely

(D) purely

8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?

(A) Plutonic rock

(B) Crystal

(D) Obsidian

托福阅读答案：

AACAC CAD

托福阅读真题练习：植物生长

托福阅读文本：

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems.

Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens,such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example,seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.

Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals,although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.

Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase ”subject to“ in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(D) strengthened by

3. The word ”puncture“ in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(D) cover .

4. The word ”which“ in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to

the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention ”glycoproteins“ in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word ”dramatic“ in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

托福阅读答案：

CAABD CADD

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

篇4：托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

1 读标题

2 读主题句

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图

托福阅读背景知识：火山岛的形成

地球的外壳并不是由单块石头组成的，而是由许多的“构造板块(tectonic plates)”紧紧拥抱在一起形成的，就像是一个灰常大的拼图。但是，不同地方的板块也各有不同，像有一些板块上住着小岛或是陆地，而另一些板块则形成了海底。据研究，所有的板块都处在不断地移动的状态，只是特别缓慢而已。那这是为啥呢?因为它们都漂浮在密度更大的半液体状地幔(mantlez)，在地壳和地壳之间上。这导致板块的边缘则形成了扩张脊(spreading ridges)、俯冲带(subduction zones)、断层(transform faults) 等地理特征。也使得板块边界这一“动感地带”出现了火山鬼和地震妖这两货。

一般情况下，板块内部在地质上都很“淑女”，很安静(uneventful)，但也有个别奇葩存在。扫一眼太平洋地图的写真照就知道了，那里的海底下有很多岛，其实它们都是火山，不过很多已经死翘翘了。而这些火山就是由地质活动造成的。

那么问题来了，为啥有些火山会发生在离板块边缘( boundary)那么远的地方呢?夏威夷群岛提供了一个比较靠谱的答案。这些群岛形成了一个岛链(chain)，从夏威夷岛开始向西北方向延伸。美国地质学家James Daly发现岛屿年龄越往西北方向越老，一个加拿大地质老学霸Tuzo Wilson也同意这种观点并进一步解释：夏威夷向西北延伸(stretching)的岛链就是一个表现在表面的火山源。首先，位于西北尽头的岛是最早形成的火山岛，然后随着板块向西北漂移，形成新的火山岛。也就是说年龄最小的火山岛，位于在岛链的末端，也就是火山源处。虽然他的解释并未在学究儿界马上得到广泛认可，但是他的理论已然成为板块构造理论的核心。大多数板块内部的火山喷发都是由地幔柱引起，地幔柱就是从地幔深处涌出的熔岩柱体，只要火山在这种柱体上面，那么它们就会成为活动“热点(hot-spot )”，火山就会变得很活跃很暴躁很疯狂，并且持续时间还很长。而且大多数海洋中的岛屿也都是因为地幔柱的扩张形成的。

热点海洋火山岛和它们的“热点”轨迹对于地质界学霸们很有用，因为它们记录了过去的板块在固定火山源上的位置。它们因此可以重建(reconstruction)海底扩张的过程、大陆和盆地过去的地理位置，以及它们成长发展过程。比如，通过现在太平洋板块的位置，就可以利用“热点”追踪到5千万年前太平洋板块的位置。但是由于海洋盆地在地质年代上是相当短命的，所以利用“热点”追踪他们只能看到近些年地质的发展变化。

下面再强调一下重要词汇：

板块构造 tectonic plates

地幔 mantle

扩张脊 spreading ridges

俯冲带 subduction zones

断层 transform faults

安静的 uneventful

边缘 boundary

岛链 chain

延伸 stretching

热点 hot-spot

重建 reconstruction

托福阅读背景知识：蒸汽机的发展

提到蒸汽机(The steam engine )，大家好像第一时间想到的就是蒸汽火车，其实有个更贴近我们生活的东西也和蒸汽机有关，那就是铁。在英国，最开始人们是用木材作为燃料炼铁的，把铁矿放在大熔炉(furnace )里一点点的烧，所以就需要用到大量的(abundant)木材，可是随着人口数量的增加，没有足够的地方种树，慢慢的也就没有能源可以使用了。这时精明的英国人发现当时的俄国是个种树大户，钢铁工业发展得很是不错，就开始从他们那边进口铁材，俄国起初还特积极的供应(supply )，后来发现自己家的树都快没了，就不再搭理英国了，结果英国人又陷入了能源危机(The energy crisis) 。

经过不懈努力，英国gentlemen又开发出了煤这种燃料，之后就开始玩命使用，无论是家里面还是工厂里，都是用煤去提供热量的，成就了一大票的煤老板。那些煤老板那叫一个有钱啊，喝牛奶都是买两碗，喝一碗倒一碗…. 咳咳咳，好像跑题了。再说回来，当时的英国人为了得到更多的煤，把矿啊挖得越来越深，之后矿井就会充满地下水，人们又不得不开始抽水，这时候问题就来了，挖掘技术，不对，是抽水技术哪家强?由于当时的英国还没有blue 翔这种高大上的学校，最开始肯定还是一般工人来抽水啊，慢慢演变成人力达不到的时候就做个泵(pump)，用马在地面上拉，虽然能达到一定的效果，但是这样又费时又费力。终于有人看不下去，冲粗来搞发明，这两个奥特曼呢，一个叫Thomas Savery 一个叫Thomas Newcomen 分别在1698和1705发明了最原始的(primitive )蒸汽机，一开始的蒸汽机效率比较low，功能档也比较少，但是还是广为使用。

当人们都以为Savery 和Newcomen的发明已经达到了挑战人类智慧极限高度的时候，一个砸场子的人出现了，这个人就是后来出现在我们历史书上要求背诵名字的James Watt。这位少年成功的改良(innovation )了原有的蒸汽机，增加了气缸(cylinder )，经过反复的观察实验，最终达到了降低成本，减少消耗，节能减排，功能繁多等一系列惊人的效果。毫不意外的，人们马上抛弃了之前的老旧蒸汽引擎，开始大量使用Watt牌蒸汽机，并将其用到各种工业上，而我们一直提到的炼铁工业也得到了非常大的发展。当然老百姓肯定也有所受益(benefit)，炼铁工业的发展使得原来昂贵的铁制品慢慢变得便宜而又常见了，妈妈再也不用担心我带饭没有东西装了。

下面一起再复习下重要词汇：

蒸汽机 The steam engine

熔炉 furnace

大量的 abundant

供应 supply

能源危机 The energy crisis

泵 pump

最原始的 primitive

改良 innovation

气缸 cylinder

受益 benefit

托福阅读材料：川普当选后一个美国人的心声

At the conclusion of this last political election (ending with my beloved country being more divided than ever) a friend wrote me a letter sharing her fears and concerns for the future. She ended it with this sentence： “We live in troubling times.” I couldn’t help but agree with her, but the more I thought about it the more I realized that these current times aren’t the only troubling times that mankind has lived through.

这次大选结束了，我挚爱的国家从未如此分裂过，而在结束之时，我的一位朋友给我写了一封信，向我诉说她的恐惧以及对未来的担忧。而最后她以这句话结尾：“我们生活在令人不安的时代。”我非常同意她的观点，但我更多地意识到的是，人类自古至今都会经历令人不安的时代，不仅仅是当今的时代。

Ancient times were troubling times when crops could fail and half of all children died before the age of five. The first Christians lived in troubling times where they were persecuted, tortured, and even killed for their beliefs.

远古时代是个令人不安的时代，庄稼可能歉收，一半的孩子会因此在5岁前死去。第一代__也生活在动荡的时代，他们会因为坚持自己的信仰而被迫害、折磨、甚至杀死。

The fall of the Roman empire and the coming of the dark ages were troubling times.

罗马帝国的衰落和黑暗时代的到来也是多事之秋。

The Bubonic plague killed half of Europe and the rest struggled with starvation and petty wars.

黑死病害死了一半的欧洲人，而剩下的一半人则在饥饿和频繁的战争中挣扎。

The hundred years war, the crusades, the American and French revolutions, the Napoleonic and American Civil wars were all troubling times where hundreds of thousands died.

英法百年战争，十字军东征，美国和法国革命，拿破仑战争期和美国内战时期都是令人不安的时期，期间死了成千上万的人。

In World War I and World War II those thousands became millions. With the end of them the Cold war with its threat of nuclear destruction made for more troubling times. Then came the troubling times of terrorism and the fear they bring.

在一战和二战时期更是有数百万人丧生。随着这些战乱的结束，冷战又带来了核毁灭的威胁，开始了一段生灵涂炭的时期。

In addition to these were the troubling times that included the struggles of slavery, segregation,prejudice, poverty, greed, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, the struggle for equal rights, the loss of jobs and security, population explosions, natural disasters, the threat of starvation, the risk ofepidemics, and even the fate of our planet being at risk.

接着是恐怖主义时期，引发了大批群众的恐惧。除了这些，还有奴隶制、种族隔离、种族歧视、贫穷、贪婪的斗争，以及经济大萧条，经济大衰退，争取平等权利、工作和安全的斗争，人口爆炸、自然灾害、饥荒，遭遇传染病，甚至我们的地球也处于险境。

It is clear then that we do live in troubling times and that we always have lived in troubling times. The question is how are we going to LIVE in them. Are we going to feed them with our fear or lessen them with our love? Are we going to grow apart in hatred or come together in kindness? Are we going to continue to go from war to war or are we finally going to bring lasting peace to this planet? Are we going to grab for ourselves or are we going to give to others? Are we going to be selfish or are we going to save the world? The choice is ours. I think we all know, however, which choice our Heavenly Father wants us to make. May we all then make our troubling times less troubled by living our lives in love, joy, goodness, kindness, and oneness with God.

很明显，我们生活在令人不安的时代并且一直如此。但真正的问题是我们如何在这样的时代中更好地生活。我们是要以恐惧的心态面对它，还是用我们的爱来化解这些不安?我们是要在仇恨中彼此孤立，还是友好地携手共进呢?我们是要继续不断挑起战争，还是给这个星球带来持久的和平?我们是自私地占有，还是慷慨地给予?我们是要继续自私下去，还是去拯救世界?选择权在我们自己手中。我想大家都知道我们的神父希望我们做出怎样的选择。只要让我们的生活中多点爱、快乐、善良、仁慈，和与神合一的心智，就能使困扰我们生活的问题简单化。

篇5：托福阅读时间分配及阅读步骤

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

1 读标题

2 读主题句

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图

托福阅读TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.

【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.

【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.

1.Why does the author provide the information that ”in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night“?

A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.

B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.

C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.

D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

A.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.

B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.

C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.

D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.

3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?

A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.

C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.

4.The word ”authoritative“ in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.actual.

B.important.

C.official.

D.effective.

5.The author uses the phrase ”the timekeeper of last resort“ to refer to

A.water clocks.

B.the sun.

C.mechanical clocks.

D.the church.

6.The word ”rudimentary“ in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

A.rare.

B.small.

C.impractical.

D.basic.

7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?

A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.

B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.

C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.

D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.

8.The word ”installed“ in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

A.required.

B.expected by the majority of people.

C.standardized.

D.put in place.

9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers

A.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.

B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.

C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.

D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.

10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.

A.How did early mechanical clocks work?

B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?

C.How were mechanical clocks made?

D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?

11.The word ”pioneers“ in the passage isclosest in meaning to

A.leaders.

B.opponents.

C.employers.

D.guardians.

12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?

A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.

B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.

C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.

D.It led to a focus on productivity.

13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.

Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.

A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.

B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.

C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.

D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.

托福阅读答案

1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。所以选择B。A说人们在各种情况下都在使用这两种方法，与原文表达的意思相反，C将两种方法比较，原文没有这层意思。D整个和划线部分相反，原文说在northern Europe不能用。

2.虽然原文提到说城与城之间要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。而collective activity对应了选项B，C对应set time to go to sleep,也就是结束工作的时间。D对应开头catholic church的prayers活动。

3.对应原文的第二句话，可根据alarm arrangement定位，前文说one of which was at night，后面说to waken monk before dawn，这两个都可以算是原因，选项中符合的只有D。

4.authoritative是权威的，A是真实的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正确的。文章中也说only one怎样的time keeper，所以应该是官方准确时间。

5.前文说需要它去check 这个machines，which前面说的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

6.rudimentary是基础的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切实际的，D是基本的。所以根据词义D正确。这里我们可以看并列的词都是负面的，这里的rudimentary也是在强调未发展，有落后的意味。如果按照负面词来判断，C可能成为迷惑选项，但其词义不符。

7.可定位至相关段落，关键词为resisted，not coming over，所以证明church在拒绝新的计时方法，也就是在试着保护自己的方法。

8.installed被安装的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人们希望的，C是标准化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原词的后面也跟了地点，所以用D最合适。

9.根据clockmaker定位至倒数第二句，说制表人是正确和精密的领路人然后就对他们各种赞扬。B，C，D选项都是在贬低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D选项又和最后一句话明显冲突。 A符合原文。

10.第五段主要说clockmaker引领了准确，精准工程的发展，他们是master，teacher等等，然后说他们是先锋，但这些都是因为他们是制表人。所以这道题选B。 ACD原文都没提到。

11.pioneer是先驱，A是领导者，B是对手，C是雇主，D是监护人。原文单词所在句后半句也说道他们作teacher，所以很容易理解他们是领导者。

12.定位到原文最后一句，说使人们从task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式变为maximize product per unit of time，从而提高了productivity，所以选择D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是转化前的状态，C没提到。

13.原句中no longer反应宗教仪式了，那么此句前后应该有对现在的计时制度的描写，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也应该有对宗教组织的态度描写，满足这两个条件的位置是C。

14.A对应第二段倒数第一句和倒数第二句后半句”with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.“正确。B与原文第一段矛盾。不选。C原文并没有提到说有大量的timekeepers，而第三段还说只能有一个权威的timekeeper不选。D对应原文第三段，说应用mechanical clock之后water clock很快被弃用了，但sun clock依然留下用来对照mechanical clock的准确性，错，不选。

托福阅读译文

【1】在欧洲，在机械表被引入以前，人们利用太阳(比如棍子的影子和日晷)和水钟来确定时间。当然，太阳钟只能用于晴天使用，而水钟表在水温下降到冰点时会出错，长期漂浮的东西因为下沉或堵塞而无法工作。这两种仪器在晴天都运行的很好，但北欧，太阳可能会藏在云后长达一周，同时，温度不仅会随季节中变化，也因昼夜而不同。

【2】中世纪欧洲使得可靠的时间变得更重要。天主教堂每天有七次的祷告，有一个是在晚上，它要求设定闹钟以便在破晓前叫醒布道师。另外新的城市和小镇，由于其空间的限制，他们必须要知道并且安排时间去组织集体活动和分配空间。他们设定时间睡觉。所有这些用老的仪器都是可以一致的，只要只有一个权威的时间记录者。但是随着城市的发展和报时信号的倍增，时间错乱导致了不和与争吵。社会需要一个更加可靠的工具去衡量时间，这个仪器就是机械钟表。

【3】我们并不知道是谁发明了这个机器，或者在哪。它好像是出现在意大利或是英国(也许是同时发明的)在1275年到1300之间。一旦被人们所知，它就快速传播并替代了水钟表，但日晷依然存在，用来对照这个新仪器与原来的计时法。早期的版本很原始，不准确且易坏。

【4】讽刺的是，新仪器有破坏天主教堂权威性的倾向。虽然几世纪以来，尽管城市瓦解，罗马没落，但教堂仪式一直保持着对时间记录的兴趣，教堂时间是自然的时间。白天和黑夜被分为均等的部分，所以除去昼夜平分点，白天和黑夜时间是不均等的;当然因此，这些时间的长度也随着季节变化。但是，机械时钟时间间隔相等，这意味着新的时间计算法。天主教会进行反抗，将近一个世纪都不肯转化到新的时间。但一开始，城镇都接受了均等时间作为他们的标准，并且安装公共的时钟在城镇大楼和市场变成了新的世俗市政权威的标志。每个城镇都想要一个;胜利者视它们为珍贵的战利品，在游人去神圣古迹朝圣的路上，他们专程去看并听这些钟表。

【5】钟表是中世纪机械精巧装置的最大成就。它的正确性的可以通过简单地可观察日出日落等常见现象来证明。这样的结果是对技术和设计进步的残酷的压力。在每个阶段，制表人引领者准确与精度，他们成为了微型化的大师，错误的探测器和校正者，更新更好的搜寻者。因此他们是机械工程的先驱，是工程学其它分支的典范和老师。

【6】钟表带来了秩序和控制，既有集体的也有个人的。它的公开展示和私人拥有铺设了短期自治的基础：人们现在可以不用根据上层的命令来调整去留。钟表也为集体活动提供了时间提示，同时使个人能够安排他们自己的工作，以加强生产力。事实上，生产力的准确概念是时钟的副产物，一旦一个人可以将其表现用统一的时间单位衡量，那么工作就永远都不会一样了。人们从农民以任务为导向的工作方式(在时间和光线条件允许的情况下，一件工作接着一件的干)和家奴以时间为导向的工作方式(总有事情做)中转变到了将单位时间的生产量达到最大化的努力中。

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

篇6：托福写作考试时间该怎么分配呢

托福写作考试时间该怎么分配呢?

熟悉考场写作三个步骤的时间分配：

第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。

要避免两个极端：((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))

用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始进行托福写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，欲速则不达;

用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做到。

第二步：正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。

a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。

主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n种选择可供参考：1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。哪一种你最容易想出来，就用哪一种。

b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和水平测试时把他们用熟，要象做完型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在托福写作考试中再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套话。

c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性。)

第三步：检查。需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查。

1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。

2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时;

3、主谓一致

按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。

整洁

1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误要擦干净再改;

2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法 .

托福写作解析得高分必须遵循的10个准则

1、Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end

欲擒故纵的圆周句(periodic sentence)中，强调信息后置。

Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.

Eg: With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.

2、In summaries, keep to one tense

总结通常使用现在时态，如果使用过去时，请保持时态一致。

3、Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic

不同的段落构成文章，每个段落仅传递一个观点

4、As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning

规则：每个段落均以主题句开头，并且首尾呼应。

A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;

主题句前置

B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;

段落围绕主题句展开，后面的句子对主题句进行展开解释

C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.

末尾句或者对主题句进行强调，或者阐述主题句带来的结果。

5、Use the active voice

主动句永远比被动句直接有力

Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground

= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生动)

Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

= Failing health compelled him to leave college. (简洁有力)

Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

= He soon repented his words. (简洁有力)

6、Put statements in positive form

以肯定的形式表达否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫无色彩，犹豫不决和含糊其辞的语言。

Eg：He was not very often on time.

= He usually came late.

Eg: He did not think that studying Latin was much use.

= He thought the study of Latin useless.

Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.

= The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

7、Omit needless words

删除冗词

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.

有力的写作一定简洁。

Owing to the fact that

=Since (because)

In spite of the fact that

=Though (although)

Call your attention to the fact that

=Remind you (notify you)

The fact that he had not succeeded

=His failure

8、Avoid a succession of loose sentences

别写流水账，找找语言的逻辑关系，通过who, which, when, where, and while 这些词把句子串起来。

9、Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form

Parallel structure平行结构讲究对称美：内容对等，结构一致。

Eg: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

10、Keep related words together

词的位置决定词的关系，所以遵循‘物以类聚’，意思关联紧密的词放在一块。

A: 主谓之间不分割，补充信息需前置

Eg: Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.

Eg: In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (状语前置，主谓毗邻)

B：关系代词紧随先行词出现

Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.

Eg: In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名词look先行，关系词that紧随)

托福写作模板:在决定长期工作前年轻人应尝试不同工作

托福写作真题题目：

月15日托福独立写作题目：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should try several different jobs before they take a long term career.

年10月15日托福独立写作真题重现

(A/D) Young people should try different jobs before they take a long-term career.

题目大意：在决定长期工作之前，年轻人应该尝试不同的工作。此题并不难，思路也很容易想。建议，选择同意，理由一可以获得多种技能，理由二可以找到自己最合适的职业。

托福写作模板及参考答案：

托福写作模板参考一:

2016年10月15日托福独立写作参考范文：

Currently, with the competition in the job market becoming increasingly fierce, the job-hunting has been brought under the spotlight of the mass media. The senior and experts strongly proposed that young people should try different jobs before taking a lifelong career, while the youngsters may hold the opposite viewpoint. As far as I am concerned, the former view is more reasonable, with the reasons listed below.

In the first place, different jobs will equip the young with multiple skills and professional knowledge in various fields. As we know, the completion of every job, simple or complex, requires differing abilities and expertise in certain area. As a result, young adults who take different jobs will grasp the knowledge in a new area and increase their potential capability to a large extent, thus having the well-rounded development. To be specific, to be a waiter or waitress in a restaurant enables us to cultivate interpersonal skills since we may encounter tons of people from all walks of life. Being a manager will help to improve the organizational skills and leadership, because the successful running of a department depends on the ability of leaders. Undoubtedly, those people with more than one skills will have an edge over other competitors in the future job market.

In addition, another conspicuous benefit of taking different jobs before you settle on the lifelong career is that the young have the chances to find the most suitable position. It is never uncommon to hear that many employees who have worked for three or more years complain that the work they take is not what they are good at or what they like. Consequently, their enthusiasm or passion for their jobs is relatively in a low level, which has negative influence on the development of themselves and their company. The best way to deal with the above problem is to allow youngsters to try different types of work at first and take the one which suits them most. The experience of my friend, Kozer, is a good case in point. After graduating from the department of foreign languages in Beijing University, Kozer was recruited by a Foreign Trade Corporation due to his excellent English. Unfortunately, he was too introverted to communicate well with strangers, especially with foreigners. Then he resigned from the position and became a teacher in a high school. The same problem occurred again. Finally, realizing his own strengths and weaknesses from the above failures, he found that the most suitable position for himself was to be an editor for China Daily, the most famous English newspaper, because there was no need to talk with many people in this job.

Admittedly, some opponents may assert that it is not necessary for young adults to try different jobs, because it will waste lots of time and even make them miss out some opportunities. However, the above reasoning is far from the truth. To illustrate, only when we have experienced several different kinds of work can we find the one which most fits for us. So the time spent on every try is worthwhile.

In a nutshell, it is safe to conclude that young people should try different jobs before they take a long-term career, in order to gain more skills and find the most suitable position. (By Zhaobo，548words)(新东方赵波)

托福写作模板参考二:

2016年10月15日托福独立写作范文

The benefits and drawbacks of job hopping have never failed to be the center of debate among employees and employers, and human resource managers of corporations. While some people believe that constant job hopping brings more benefits than pitfalls, others state that the disadvantages of switching between jobs before settling down greatly outweigh the benefits. Personally, I think trying out different positions is beneficial to one’s future career based on the following reasons.

Admittedly, switching between jobs will make your employers suspicious about your judgment and question your commitment and loyalty to the company, however, the taking different jobs gives a professional countless benefits, like diverse background, broadened social network, better compensation and benefits, etc.

First off, more job experience provides an individual exposure to different industries and more professional experience, eventually it is conducive for someone to find his or her real expectation and ultimate career goal in the long run. In a small company, employees might have intimate and close friendships with each other, and there is no standard procedure of daily business operation. However, in a colossal corporation, employees have a clear professional boundary and they have to follow strict regulations and procedures when conducting business. Having a chance to work in both small and big companies will help individuals to know which type of company fits them best and they can choose their future career according to their preference. Also, having working experience in different industries and various sized companies makes the employees more flexible and adaptable in distinctive working environments. Future employees will value those who have exposure to a variety of challenges and can bring new ideas and changes to the company.

Additionally, working in different companies and industries gives an individual more opportunities to explore new social networks and thus enjoy a much more promising career in the near future. An individual can expand his or her social and professional networks after having worked in different places, where one can plant roots and farm relationships and eventually these connections will prove to be very helpful in the near future. This is especially true in today’s overly competitive job market, a dynamic and active professional network will probably help you to land better jobs in the future.

In conclusion, it is more advisable to take different jobs before settling down permanently since it brings more exposure in different industries, rich professional experience and a more dynamic professional connection. (By Meng, Yan 404 words)

篇7：托福写作考试时间怎样分配呢

托福写作考试时间怎样分配呢?

熟悉考场写作三个步骤的时间分配：

第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。

要避免两个极端：((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))

用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始进行托福写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，欲速则不达;

第二步：正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。

a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。

第三步：检查。需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查。

1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。

2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时;

3、主谓一致

按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。

整洁

1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误要擦干净再改;

2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法 .

托福写作：强调句型在托福写作中的应用

强调句型是英语中的一种特殊句型，如果同学们在托福独立写作中，适当运用强调句型，可以起到非常好的提升句子的作用。

我们先来复习一下，托福写作强调句型的基础形式为：

It is / was + 被强调的某个句子成分+ that / who + 句子

强调句型可以用来强调句子中除了谓语之外的成分，起到比较明显的加强语气的作用，比如：

I went to the Palace Museum in .

这个句子如果强调时间，就可以变为：

It was in 1997 that I went to the Palace Museum.

如果直接运用，句子也没有显得特别出彩，如果同学们可以用强调句型和其它从句一起使用，就会起来比较好提升作用：

比如我们探讨“人口老龄化”的问题，想表达“老龄化日益严重的问题让全球的政府都很担扰”，可以写为：

It is the fact that the population aging problem is getting more and more prevalent that makes all the governments concern all over the world.

上面句子里面的the population aging problem is getting more and more prevalent是fact的同位语从句。

另外，再推荐同学们一个托福写作句式：

It is not… but… that really counts

当我们在独立写作中，想表达“矛盾双方取其一更为重要的时候，就可以套用这个句型，比如我们探讨读书应该read extensively 还是read intensively的时候，可以用到这样的表达：

It is not how many books we read but how much we understand from the books that really counts.

今天和大家的分享就到这里，请大家思考下，下面的句子该怎么表达：

1.出门旅行的时候，不是自由，而是安全，才真正的重要。

2.谈到吃饭的问题，不是味道好，而且干净，才真正的重要。

托福写作是托福考试中的重难点，大家一定要认真备考哦。

托福写作：写作备考策略之独立话题

1.常用论点/理由

针对独立写作的常见话题，大致可归成三类：个人类(关于学习、工作、休闲、做人的选择);古今类(题目中有明显的now… past … 让考生判断现在和过去在某一方面的比较);决策类(题目中通常有government这个词出现，讨论政府的投资或者政策，有些题目虽然没有government这个词出现，但如果涉及的是有社会影响力的话题，也可以划为政府类，比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)

1)个人类常用理由

学知识、练技能、拓展视野……..

工作机会、赚钱…….

交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、沟通) …….

品质(自信，独立，坚持，乐观 ) / 兴趣爱好

身体健康、放松心情…….

省时间、省钱、省精力………..

2)古今类常用理由

现代社会的优点：

教育: 先进全面鼓励个性

工作：种类丰富机会多

医疗：治愈缓解更多疾病

技术：网络电子产品汽车

公共设施：便利的交通娱乐购物餐饮

法律制度：保障个人权利

媒体：揭露真相传播信息

人与人：互动频繁、方便

经济进步：更充裕的钱和无助

世界和平：更少的战争伤亡

现代社会的缺点：

环境问题(污染，能源消耗)

生活压力(学习，工作)

欺骗敲诈

3)决策类常用思路

注：除了使用个人类常用理由，针对决策类这种和政府相关有社会影响力的题目，建议多角度讨论，一下是常见的讨论角度：

1.大众 individuals

对我们有什么用?(放松健康省钱知识关系等等)

是不是我们每个人都需要的?(大多数/ 小众)

2. 相关群体relativegroups

题目中谈论到的比如artists,scientists, athletes 等等

3. 企业companies

企业有钱，可以代替政府去投资有利可图的领域

4. 社会 Society

Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …

2.对比段

通常来说，托福独立写作的论证写3段，上文介绍了最基本的常用理由，但有时候，因为各种原因只想出2个理由的时候，可以写一段对比段，即把对比论证写一段。

具体案例参考第三部分的机经详解

3.让步段

除了对比段之外，让步段也可以解决只有2个理由缺少第三个段落的问题。

具体案例参考第三部分的机经详解

4.拆分法/分情况讨论

针对一些比较抽象的独立写作话题，我们可以分情况讨论，或者对于关键词进行定义和拆分，在更加具体的情况下方便论证。

具体案例参考第三部分的机经详解

5.检验论点

没有标准答案，这是独立解题最自由的地方。但这并不意味着什么样的理由都可以作为论点并且展开段落的。课堂上，一些学生可以马上相处三个理由，但仔细探究，可能只有一个理由是可以作为论点的。

这里说一下三个检验标准：1.支持观点 2. 论点相互不重叠 3. 易于展开

6.灵活调整

根据ETS的出题，我们知道，题目是千变万化的，为了帮助学生更好的应对，老师们会总结出一些实用方法，对学生来说，比死记硬别、生搬硬套更重要的是，在题目的练习中，去运用这些方法，并且灵活的调整。

如果觉得一些常用理由不适合支持某一道题，那么就放弃这个理由;

如果只想出两个理由，那么可以加一个让步段或者对比段;

如果一道题直接用常用理由去支持很难，可以试着拆分法;

如果完全同意/不同意很难，可以试着两边倒;

如果题目中有绝对词，可以部分同意/不同意。

总结：

备考的成功取决于两个要素：个人的努力 + 实用的方法。单纯的背诵方法而不去尝试解题，是不可能熟练掌握的;一味地做题而不调整改善也是比较低效的。此文为大家提供了一些题目和方法，并演示了方法的具体运用。建议读者自己多加尝试和练习。另外，知识注定是要更新的，所以读者若有更好的灵感或者在别的学习资料中遇到更好的方法，也可以加以运用。最后，考试是自己考的，老师和学习资料是个辅助，大家不要忘记相信自己：)

篇8：托福写作综合和独立题型时间分配经验细节介绍

托福写作综合和独立题型时间分配经验细节介绍

托福综合写作时间不足应对细节介绍

首先考生需要花费大约三分钟的时间阅读一篇学术短文，在阅读的同时大家要注意记下文章的主要观点及词汇，为听力部分先做准备。接下来考生还需要听一段大致为2分钟的听力讲座，内容一般是对阅读资料观点的辩驳。这个时候考生就需要针对阅读内容的观点分别记下听力部分的辩驳理由及相关细节，当然对于阅读资料的内容如果有补充我们也要记下来。

接下来考生大致有20分钟来总结听力中的关键内容，并写出一系列的关键内容以及与阅读材料的差异点。一般建议大家写150-225个词，每个写作任务的分数大致是0-5分，详细评判规范以考生答复的完整性及准确性为首要依据。所以综合写作大致要花费20分钟。

托福独立写作如何合理分配时间?

独立写作的第一步是列好提纲，需要完成审题、提出观点、列出理由三个步骤，大致花费的时间约为3-5分钟。在这个过程中，我们要防止两种错误做法：首先是需要先在草稿纸上列出大致提纲，不要写作思路都没有就动笔，这种做法容易导致文章结构不明确和之后行文中的频繁修改;其次是不要太过详细的在提纲中把所有观点细节和举例内容都写出来，会花太多时间在提纲上，建议大家搭好文章框架后一边写一边展开。

独立写作的第二步就是开始正文的写作了，花费时长大致为22-26分钟。当我们在写作时，要注意每个段落都需要有不同的侧重点。每个段落的主题句能够让考生自己和考官明确了解到你这一个段落的大致内容，因此考生要注意写出主题句以突出自己想表达的观点。如果大家缺乏临场搭建框架的信心，也可以选择提前制作和记忆一些写作模板，并结合作文题目套用到实际写作中。而到了写作最后阶段，当监考官通知距离结束还有五分钟时，考生应该确保已经写到了最后结尾段。如果还没有，那你就要赶紧写完结尾段以确保文章的完整性。

托福写作解析：十大常见写作话题

1、动物类

一直以来采取防止动物和植物免于灭绝太少了,尽管人们已经注意到这个问题了很长时间。为什么人们没能改善这种状况吗?你有什么建议吗?

Far too little has been done to prevent animals and plants from dying out, although people have noticed this problem for a long time. Why have people failed to improve this situation? What are your suggestions?

2、教育类

(1).一些人认为教育孩子完全会使他们受益。其他人认为聪明的孩子应该分开教学,给予特别的课程。讨论双方的观点,给你自己的意见。

Some people believe that educating children altogether will benefit them. Others think intelligent children should be taught separately and given special courses. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

(2).如今,越来越多的毕业生无法找到工作。讨论在年轻人和成年人之间不断上升的失业率的原因，给出解决方案。

Today, more school leavers are unable to find jobs. Discuss the causes of rising unemployment among young adults and suggest any solutions.

3、全球化影响

现有一个对于增加国家之间的商业和文化联系给国家的身份所带来的影响的分歧。你的意见是什么?

There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country’s identity. What is your opinion?

4、政府投资

人们应该把保留所有他们挣到的钱,不应该缴税给国家。你同意或不同意?

People should keep all the money they earn and should not pay taxes to the state. Do you agree or disagree?

5、科技影响

很多员工可能运用现代科技在家工作。一些人认为它只对员工有好处,而不是雇主。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?

Many employees may work at home with modern technology. Some people claim that it benefits only workers, but not employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

6、文化类

(1).对一个建筑而言实用目的外表美观更重要。架构师不需要担心是否它是一个真正的艺术品。你同意或不同意?

It is more important for a building to serve its purposes than to look beautiful. Architects do not need to worry about whether it is a real work of art. Do you agree or disagree?

(2).国际旅游是世界上最大的产业。在什么程度上你认为它的优点远远大于它的缺点?

The international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. To what extent do you think its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages?

7、生活工作

一些人认为定期换工作是好的。你的意见是什么?

Some people think that changing jobs periodically is good. What is your opinion?

8、传媒类

一些人认为应该有限制的在电视和报纸上详细描述犯罪。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?

Some people suggest that there should be restrictions on a detailed description of crimes in the newspapers and on television. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

9、广告类

当今有许多针对儿童的广告。父母认对孩子是误导,然而广告商认为这是很有用的信息。你的意见是什么?

There are many advertisements directed at children. Parents argue that children are misled, while advertisers consider advertising a source of useful information. What is your opinion?

10、环境类

据说最好的办法解决世界环境问题是提高燃料的价格。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?

It is said that the best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to increase the price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

托福写作解析：电影和电视的利弊

托福写作题目：

A/D Movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.

30分作文也没有那么难做到啦。这是一篇近期考出30分写作的同学的考前习作。这个考试季很多同学反映写作压分，30分的作文单项分已经很罕见。我们一起看看，在这个季节，什么样的作文能稳稳拿下考场高分。

总结一下几个要点

1. 清晰有力的论证逻辑

2. 准确的用词

3. 句式的适当变化，如排比，虚拟，短句的偶尔出现。

4. 小错误多次出现可以容忍

托福写作满分作文：

Whenever I turn on TV, I see dark themes and plots of programs broadcast on it. Just calculate roughly, there are about 30 programs whose theme is pessimistic in every 40 programs. 【眼尖的同学一眼能看出来几处语法错误，显然ETS不那么介意;我们要学习的是作者用数字说明问题】And there are so many plots orienting adults that should not be seen by young people.【上面两个句子点出电视节目的两个问题，为论点的出现做充足铺垫】So I strongly believe that movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave. 【出论点，论点句要稳扎稳打，千万别此刻玩花的，花大了别人没看懂就麻烦了】This is not only because young people will imitate the inappropriate behavior in the programs, but also because the dark theme of them will distort the way young people view the world.【预告自己的两个分论点，老套的开头结构，胜在稳重清晰】

Firstly, young people may imitate the bad behavior they saw on televisions and movies.【同样，观点句不许玩花的，老实点儿】 Young people, especially children, are not sophisticated enough to think about the consequences【用词准确】 or their behavior carefully, and they are often eager to try new things 【解释论点句为什么成立--因为年轻人有这些特性】. Television programs and movies often include some violent behavior in them in order to make the plots more inviting【用词准确】 and attract more people to watch.【重申电视节目的特点，暴力镜头多，与上一句‘年轻人爱模仿’的信息合起来为下一句短句的力量制造必要条件】 So here is the problem【我们一再强调的短句的力量】. Young people will probably try those inappropriate【用词准确】 behaviors they saw on televisions, thinking they are normal or acceptable.【换个方式把论点句重新说了一遍，但并不让人觉得重复，因为顺承上文的逻辑推理而成立。全段没有一个例子，直接用纯论证完成，功力可见】

Secondly, lots of pessimistic themes of television programs or movies will make young people feel sad about the world. 【虽然主语长了一些，但作为论点句，依然是经典的主谓宾结构，简洁明了】As mentioned in the former paragraph, there are violence in TV programs and movies, and young people may not only imitate those bad behaviors, but also affected by the sad view in these programs.【借力上一段的内容，回点上段，增加文章内部的粘结力，但是在上一段所讨论信息的基础上向前推进一步，推出新论点，经典的承上启下结构】 Because they are during a period when their ways of looking at the world are formed, seeing too much about the dark side of the society is no good for their growth.【解释上一句为什么成立--因为年轻人世界观正在成形,应该用being formed 而不是are formed，但这种小错误不影响高分】It can create a false sense of reality【用词准确，来自平时的积累】, as if the only newsworthy events are those that are tragic or violent. They may form a bad habit of always looking at people or events from a dark point of view, feeling hopeless and despairing, even conducting some self-destructive behaviors.【这个列举的句子如果从sat语法的角度来说也是错误多多的……不过从语义上来说，做了一个因势利导夸大其词的论证推断，三个列举层层递进互为因果，还是实现了列举的修辞效果的】

Admittedly, there are some programs trying to convey optimistic view to viewers, but their plots are so unrealistic that they cannot convince young people. 【让步段第一句话，先提出自己之前的论证没有正视的情况，再明确指出这种情况的致命缺点】And they tell stories in a too exaggerating way, making stories more unconvincing. 【补刀】For example【全文都没有举例论证，到这里实在摒不住了，呵呵】, once I saw a TV program on the daily life of a couple. In order to convey【用词准确】 the view that ‘if you do good things, you will always get want you want’, the program told a story that the young man picks up 10000 dollars three times a week just because he always helps his neighbors and the god is touched by him! What a ridiculous story! If I were a child, I would have no desire to do good things, as I didn’t believe I would pick up so much money no matter how many good things I did.【这个虚拟语气的使用信手拈来，适合各种假设状况的探讨】 So even if there are some programs with optimistic themes, I don’t think they will impact young people more than those with pessimistic themes. 【总结这个例子对于自己论点的意义，再次强化自己的立场】

托福写作解析写作中这7个语法错误要避免

1、中式英语

原：Thus, one is easier to draw bosses’ attention and gain appreciation.

改：Thus, it’s easier for you to draw bosses’ attention and gain appreciation.

评：中文习惯说“人们可以更容易地吸引老板的注意力”，而英语则习惯说“It’s easier for sb. to…”同学们要注意中英表述习惯的区别哦!

2、用词不当

原：The absence of groupwork is a disaster for teenagers in modern society.

改：The absence of teamwork is a disaster for teenagers in modern society.

评：groupwork是“分组”或者“小组集体任务”的意思。这位同学原本想说teamwork“团队合作”，却用了一个看起来很像，但实际完全不同的词，表达出来的意思就风马牛不相及了。

原：You will be dangerous if you keep moving without a clear view of the whole picture.

改：You will be in danger if you keep moving without a clear view of the whole picture.

评：dangerous表示所修饰的对象是“带来危险的，有危险性的”，而be in danger才是“身处险境”的意思。到底谁才是威胁呢?

原：Firstly, the job, providing the opportunity for students to utilize what they learned in class, might effect their further development.

改：Firstly, the job, providing the opportunity for students to utilize what they learned in class, might affect their further development.

评：模样长得像，意思可不同了。这里想用动词affect表示“影响”，却误写为名词effect“效果”，一字千里啊!

3、搭配错误

原：Nowadays, people are crazy pursuing to be excellent.

改：Nowadays, people are crazy about excellence.

评：这位同学显然记错了be crazy about sth. 这个用法，写出来的句子自然会出问题啦。

原：Besides, public speech can effectively increase your communication skills, which facilitate your salesman career.

改：Besides, public speech can effectively improve your communication skills, which facilitate your salesman career.

评：此处是一个明显的动宾搭配错误。“提高……技巧”应该是improve the skills，而不是increase the skills.

4、词性错位

原：I will forget my sad and pressure from the work and the study.

改：I will forget my sadness and pressure from work and study.

评：sad是形容词，而这里明显需要一个名词，应该是sadness。

原：Although making money is a priority for most people, spending time with the family is equal significant.

改：…, spending time with the family is equally significant.

评：形容词significant前需要用副词来修饰，所以equal应该改成equally。

5、时态混乱

原：Although I have no work experience when I was a teenager, I always dreamed about having a job.

改：Although I had no work experience when I was a teenager, I always dreamed about having a job.

评：过去时的句子中冒出了现在时，同学你太粗心了，要仔细检查哦~

原：I would explain my view in the following paragraphs.

改：I’d like to explain… / I will explain…

评：可能是两种说法记混了吧，结果把时态搞错了……

6、主谓不一致

原：The way we deal with the environmental problems are crucial to the prosperity of human-being.

改：The way we deal with the environmental problems is crucial to the prosperity of human-being.

评：谓语之前有两个名词时，主谓搭配的问题就常常出现了。这里真正的主语应该是单数名词the way，所以与之搭配的谓语也应该是单数的is。

7、重复累赘

原：From my point of view, I think this argument is quite limited since many other ways can also help learning a foreign country.

改：From my point of view, this argument is quite limited since many other ways can also help us learn a foreign country.

评：from my point of view和I think重复啦，保留一个就好。当然这里建议留下更“高级”的from my point of view.

原：There are the majority of people who deem that they like to spend money on things which can bring them long memory.

改：Majority of the people like to spend money on things that can be memorized for long.

评：中文句式说的“有很多人……”，但别一看到“有”就非要用there be句型不可哦，直接摆出主谓宾就行了。

“things that can be memorized for long”，被动语态明显更地道。

篇9：托福阅读计时：如何正确分配阅读时间

新托福阅读调整：试题不再单独计时

美国教育考试服务中心不久前发布消息称，11月起将微调托福考试阅读部分的结构。新托福阅读部分调整，加试部分不固定出现在试题最后，新东方在线相关老师对本次变化的形式、影响及相应的备考策略进行了分析总结。

据悉，此次主要有两点变化，一是考试时间由原来的60分钟或100分钟变为现在的60分钟或80分钟。调整意味着加试由2篇改为1篇。对此，托福主讲老师陈毅然认为，无论考生答对还是答错，加试部分不算成绩，若占用考生大量时间去阅读答题，势必在精力上有所牵扯，对后边的听力、口语、写作等部分题的操作将产生不好的影响，美国教育考试服务中心将加试从2篇改为1篇，这对考生是一个利好消息。陈毅然提醒考生，要认真对待加试，从以往考试情况看，加试具体出现在哪一篇并不固定，未必是在最后，考生每篇都要把它当成真正的考题做。

变化二是各篇之间不再单独计时。陈毅然表示，这一变化使考生的做题时间与做题顺序可以相对自由调控。据悉，以前考试中做题时间和顺序相对较死板，尤其是第一篇文章一定要在20分钟内做完，如果做不完，考生会看到倒计时从20分钟开始倒计为0，变成0时答题时间结束。很多考生在第一篇时都感觉时间很紧。

现在，美国教育考试服务中心公告中明确告知考生，试题各篇之间不再单独计时。即若没有加试，看到的时间倒计时从60分钟开始;若有加试，倒计时从80分钟开始。通过这点，考生第一时间就可以知道是否有加试，而不像以前，20分钟做完第一篇，然后第二篇、第三篇是40分钟的计时，做完之后才知道接下来有没有其他的题目要答，才能判断自己是否遇到加试。现在考生一开始就能知道阅读部分有没有加试。

在美国教育考试服务中心的公告中也详细说明，时间和顺序可以做相对灵活的微调。但是要注意调整不要太大，本身阅读的时间就很紧张，考生要合理安排时间，不要在一篇文章上浪费过多时间。平均下来20分钟一篇的速度是比较合理的。如果阅读部分总共60分钟，考生第一篇文章30分钟才做完，那后面30分钟再怎样也做不完两篇阅读。

托福阅读时间不够用因为什么

1.逐字翻译导致读句子的速度慢

很多同学在翻译句子的过程中，都没有一个良好的习惯，只是机械地把所有英文单词的中文意思堆砌起来。对于简单句来说，这样做其实无可厚非;但是遇到语法结构稍微复杂的句子，这种方法便会立刻失效，于是同学们便会不断重复回看这句话，想要弄清楚它的意思，这样便造成了时间上的极大浪费。所以我们在平时练习过程中需要训练自己养成一个良好的阅读习惯，不要被那些单词牵着走，而要主动地去分析句子结构：句子主语是谁?这个主语怎么了，发生了什么事?谁是修饰成分?谁才是真正的谓语?当我们能够做到读完一句理解一句，相信我们自然就能在要求时间之内答完题了。

2.练习少，对题目缺乏熟悉度

许多同学把备考托福阅读等同于背单词，因而一天到晚只跟单词书亲近，却不曾正眼看过TPO中的阅读文章。背单词固然重要，毕竟单词不会，文章也无法理解。但是想要提高分数、想要冲刺阅读高分，那我们就必须把TPO阅读文章当作圣经一样来对待。这不只是草草做题对答案了事，更是通过大量做题，来增强自己对于托福阅读出题套路的了解，以期掌握每种题型的应对方案，争取做到读完题之后，能够立刻找到题干中的有效关键词，再迅速回文定位答案。同学们不要觉得题海战术是很笨的方法，多年实践已经证明，它其实是一种很有效率的学习方法，关键在于我们是否能够通过题海战术有所收获，而不是为了做题而做题。

3. 文章结构不够熟悉

我特别强调做完题后，分析每篇文章的文章结构这件事。为什么?因为文章结构大概也就那么几种，见得多了，便就一见如故了。在考场上，我们根本没有时间为了最后一道题而把文章再通读一便。而倘若我们在做题过程中，就能迅速总结出每一段的中心意思，那么这篇文章我们一定会读得更通透，在做每一段相应的题时也就能够提高准确率。而能否迅速总结出段落大意就依赖于平时严格的训练。不要做完了题就万事大吉，把每篇文章充分利用起来，观察它们的结构，多做总结，这样的工作做得多了，必然会有所收获的。

托福阅读的加试时间长度

新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。

无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，分为两个部分，第一部分为独立的1篇文章，考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章，考试时间为40分钟，期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和，即60分钟。

有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上，再加两篇文章，并作为一个部分，共计40分钟，加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和，即100分钟。

托福阅读考试需要留检查时间吗‘’

这是很多托福考生的疑问，因为托福阅读考试的时间很紧张，考生对于做题就已经够匆忙了，又怎么会有检查的时间呢?但是到底托福阅读要留检查时间吗?我们一起来看看吧!

托福阅读考试的时间是按篇来给的，也就是每篇托福阅读文章只给你20分钟的时间完成，提早完成了第一篇，并不会给你下一篇留有更充足的时间。所以，即使你能提前做完一篇也只能检查刚刚做完的这一篇，而一般情况下，这样短的时间是检查不出来什么错误的，因为你的思维还是停留在写答案的时候。

所以在托福阅读考试中，我们应该尽量争取一次做对，阅读时候速度可以比平时放慢一些，耐心读取题目的中心句。另外可以在考试过程中对一些提问关键信息作下笔记，帮助你更迅速定位题目，因为文章本身是会高亮标明一些问题中涉及的句子和要求解释的单词，所以有的时候连笔记都可以省掉。

另外大家要注意的就是时间来不及的情况。这就要求大家平时训练时候，还是坚持一次性原则为好，尽量把答完一篇文章的时间控制在16分钟内，这是一个参考标准，如果达不到这个阅读速度，面临真题时候就会遭遇很大的难度，根本来不及检查。

托福阅读需要留检查时间吗?通过上面的内容我们可以看出，在托福阅读备考中，不提倡大家留托福阅读检查时间。这样也可以促使大家在做题的时候比以前更加集中注意力，托福阅读考试的正确率也就会有所增加。

篇10：托福阅读时间如何正确的分配

方法一：

用5分钟阅读整篇文章，形成对文章结构和关键内容的大致理解。剩下15分钟从第一题开始做到最后一题，先文后题：即先看每一段，然后解决对应的题目。

优点：

1.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

2.有利于解决少数与段落主题有关的题目。

缺陷：

1.不能在规定时间内完成;

2.记不住段落的内容，做题时仍需返回段落，重新定位到具体的某句话来寻找答案。

3.做最后一题时，仍需重新阅读文章，因为距第一遍阅读文章已经时隔了十几分钟，不可能记得很清楚;或者凭借先前阅读后的大致印象选择答案，感觉没底。

方法二：

用7分钟阅读整篇文章，直接做最后一题。剩下的13分钟从第一题做到倒数第二题。

1.对于做最后一题有一定的好处，因为刚刚读完印象还在。

2.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

1.最后一题的正确选项通常与第一题至倒数第二题中的某些题有一定在关联性，消耗了不必要的时间。

2.做第一题至倒数第二题的时间非常紧迫，每道题(除了词汇题)几乎都是草草一笔带过，无法确保题目的正确率。

方法三：

用15分钟做第一题至倒数第二题，先题后文：即读题目根据关键词定位到段落中的某句话，然后比对这句话和选项的含义，最后选出答案。剩下5分钟做最后一题。

1.保证了绝大多数题目的正确率。

2.确保在规定时间内完成。

1.需要掌握简化后的解题方法，即上完强化班之后需要把习得的技巧进行简化后才能应用于实战。

2.对于第一题至倒数第二题中个别与全文结构或主题有关的题目不能在第一时间做出判断，只能放到做完最后一题之后完成，增加了考生的心理负担和翻页的时间损耗。

篇11：托福阅读时间如何正确的分配

60 分钟的时间要尽量雨露均沾的分给 3 篇文章

我们在考试中遇到的3篇文章存在难度不一的情况，如果第一篇文章特别简单，当然可以节省部分时间给其他的篇章，但如果你的第一篇文章特别难，也尽量要在 20 分钟内完成，以免因为第一篇文章耗时太多，导致后面的文章没有时间作答。若恰恰后面的文章是相对简单，容易得分的题目，那我们不就亏大了吗?难的文章得分没保障，简单的题目没来得及做，这叫赔了夫人又折兵。

所以每篇文章默认的时间额度为20 分钟，再根据实际情况进行调度，原则是让每篇文章都有充分的答题时间。

3-15 plus 2 的时间分配法

这个时间分配因人而异，因文不一，仅作为参考

1.3 分钟把握文章框架

很多同学提出质疑，认为这 3 分钟的时间去看了文章也记不住内容，不如直接做题，这是无用论 ;有些同学则认为自己的答题时间不够，3 分钟太宝贵，不舍得挪出来，这是无时间论。

其实，这 3 分钟的时间决定了我们的阅读高度，不仅能提高解题速度，还能提高准确率，是有超值回报的 3 分钟。

怎么样才能通过 3 分钟迅速把握文章框架呢 ?

很简单，读 title,introduction 和各段落的 topic sentence，来看看它们之间的联系。

title 给出讨论对象，introduction 给出讨论角度，即文章主旨，而各段落主旨告诉我们文章分几个方面或如何对主旨展开论述。这些内容环环相扣，犹如钢筋水泥，给我们搭建出了一个房子的框架。有了框架之后，我们可以看见 “森林”，而不是只见“木”。

在 3 分钟内，我们不仅能够把握文章的核心主旨，它的脉络走向，还能了解作者的“感情色彩”，给我们下一步正确和快速的答题奠定了基础，尤其是对解决“主旨题”起了决定性的作用。

很多同学在学习并熟练掌握了三分钟定框架的阅读方法后反馈时表示答题都不用回到文章细读就能选出正确答案，因为不管你细不细读，主旨就在那里，一直不变，而大部分的题目都会针对或围绕主旨出题，尤其是最后一道总结题或分类题，解题速度和准确率会有质的飞跃。希望你们也能够同样受用。

2.15 分钟答题

我们知道一篇文章会有 12-14 道问题，所以要保证答题阶段有 15 分钟以上的时间才够充分。

在这个阶段，我们的阅读顺序则是先看题，再读文。我们需要先审清楚题干，再根据题干的要求回到相应的段落去进行详读。

一般情况下，题干会给出大的定位，告诉我们考点所在的段落，而具体的考点位置需要我们自己分析得出，然后进行精准的定位。答题的过程就是不断补充细节的过程，犹如给搭建的毛坯房添加各种家具。

备考托福阅读的三个注意事项

关于单词

阅读理解最基本的出题方式是句子的同义改写。因为答案的判断标准是与文章内容相符，所以做题的最小单位是句子。而句子的最小单位是单词。单词这个砖块通过语法规则构筑起句子这面墙。单词认识，语法清楚，句子就读懂了。这是阅读理解对语言能力的考察。解决了读懂的问题，还有理解的问题。前后句之间是通过怎样的逻辑组成一个段落，前后段之间又是如何组成一篇文章。这是阅读理解对认知能力的考察。

经常见到一些学生，他们认为看文章耗时长，不如直接背单词表节省时间，单词记得多。暂且不论抛弃上下文是否能有效记住生词，对阅读理解的这种误解至少忽略了理解能力这一考查点。这也是无法取得高分的一个原因。

显而易见，词汇是第一关，背是硬道理。当同学们开始积累单词时，涉及单词来源，积累数量和背记方法三个方面的问题。首先，背哪儿的单词。最基本的逻辑，你希望背完的单词在哪儿遇见，背单词为何准备。当然为了考试准备，希望考试能遇到自己背过的单词。那么，就背考过文章中的单词，也就是托福TPO中的词。

第二，积累单词的数量。无论你现在的词汇基础如何，都无法保证已掌握的词汇是某一门特定考试要考察的语言能力级别或题材范围里的单词。由于不同的考试涉及的文章题材不同，这些题材就决定了你的专有名词的背记。而符合该考试语言能力级别的词即高频词。实际上，官方指南OG三套题共九篇阅读文章中的生词扫清后，学生基本解决了高频词，后续做题不会大量的遇到生词。再积累个别题材的专有名词即可，而此类单词通常也不是解题关键。

第三，背单词的方法。最痛心疾首的背单词习惯是背生词列表。从真题文章中找出了生词，单独列出后苦背。单词一旦脱离了语言环境，想记住很难。即使勉强记住，放回文章中也无法准确去理解整个句子的意思。这是为什么呢?我们知道一词多义现象，一个词有一个基本含义，以此引申出其他含义。当单词离开了句子，你选择哪个含义去背记呢?大部分同学把单词列出后并不回看原文，而是随便选择一个含义去记忆，背完也不带回原句去理解是否通顺。这种方法典型的后果是，句子中的单词都能说出一个含义，但是句子整体的意思无法准确理解。由于平时缺少在上下文对单词含义进行引申的能力，考试时不敢往别处想意思，死咬住一个含义，怎么也顺不下去。说到底，是背单词列表的方法导致缺乏上下文理解能力的训练。

单词的有效背记方法是，翻译生词所在句子，通过上下文预测单词含义，选择词典中最符合的意思，并在文章中标出。带着标出的含义再次翻译句子，看是否通顺。刚背过的单词需要短时间内重复记忆，至少两天之内的早晚两个时段进行复习。此方法可并行解决词汇和语法。

关于语法

语法掌握是否熟练直接反映在做题速度上。很多同学有这样的体会，不考虑答题时间，文章都能看懂，题都能做对。一旦加上时间限制就手忙脚乱，不是做不完题，就是做题正确率下降。考试的这个时间限制其实是语法是否熟练的紧箍咒。这些同学慢慢看能看懂，说明知道语法规则。但是知道和熟悉是两回事。就像你想一会儿能叫出一个人的名字， 60分钟的考试42道题左右，平均一道题不到1.5分钟，遇见这个人想一会儿叫什么名，下个人就要擦肩而过了。

刚才说到文章中背单词的方法可以同时解决词汇和语法。句子是单词含义的背景依托，也是语法的载体。这样说好像本末倒置，考试读的不是句子吗?为什么句子成了语法训练的工具?打个比方，很多同学从小学钢琴，很多人都具有不看乐谱，就能弹奏简单歌曲的能力。那种手放在琴键上就知道往哪里走的感觉太棒了!可是当曲调复杂到记不住时，就需要学习识谱。语法就是语言的乐谱。

对于托福阅读，常见的语法现象有定语从句，主宾表同四个名词性从句，以及非谓语动词。单独一个语法现象不足以成为阅读的障碍，可托福阅读的句子常常是多个语法现象的综合体，即长难句。从句中又包含几个从句和非谓语，一个名词同时带几个后置定语等，一个主语后面出现两三个动词原形基础上的变形，谁才是真正的谓语动词。备考阶段需要有针对性，成体系的进行长难句分析的训练，训练不充分，上了考场就变成“看得慢，来不及，蒙一个”。

语法训练的核心是句子成分划分和翻译。翻译好处很多，而且十分必要。“输出”你对句子含义的理解，白纸黑字的写出来，能够保证理解的准确度，并且有助于老师有针对性的判断你的知识盲点。翻译错误的内容能够准确反映掌握不准的语法点。同时培养仔细阅读的习惯，避免考场因阅读不仔细造成的错误。实际上，所谓的不仔细，貌似是马虎问题，其实是读得慢，担心时间不够导致的草率。归根结底，还是缺乏长难句训练。更重要的是，在系统的长难句翻译练习中，你的眼球和大脑实现对长难句的快速反应，从而提高阅读速度。

然而，大部分的高中生和非英语专业的大学生，一方面高中阶段的教学大纲对非谓语动词和定语从句不做深入要求，另一方面，从未接触过此类长度和难度的句子，在开始的学习中会有畏难情绪，全靠课上老师带着练习。从教学的角度而言，手把手带着练当然违背培养学生独立解决问题的理念，但是，换个角度考虑，若是通过前期带着练使学生减少畏难情绪，在练习中逐步提高能力，进而建立起自主学习的自信和习惯，未尝不是一个好的过渡。

关于刷题

经历过词汇积累和长难句训练的能力段课程后，模考的成绩可能在23分左右。在真题阶段对题型和解题思路的学习期间，要保持眼球对阅读文章快速阅读速度的适应，要保证两天刷一套题进行模考，一直保持到考试。

对于刷题同学们有一个误区。很多同学都是做一套题忘一套。大家试想，你在备考时做过关于恐龙灭绝理论题材的文章，在文章中你积累这一话题的相关单词和背景知识，如常见的灭绝理论有，全球气候变化，小行星撞地球等，支持行星撞地球的间接证据Ir元素，直接证据陨石本身没发现，但是有陨石坑。那么，考试当天考的也是恐龙灭绝题材(TPO 5，8，15共三篇)，那么你是希望自己记住了之前做过的文章，还是希望以前读到的背景知识和相关词汇都忘光了呢?显然是恨不得记得一清二楚才好!所以我说两天才刷一套TPO，就是希望模考后有足够时间去消化本套题的三篇文章，题目分析后需要全篇内容通读，有计划复习，最终记住遇到过的生词和背景知识

托福基础阅读文章练习步骤

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。

虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要15分钟左右。

一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，比方说：如果后一篇文章难度大，且12-14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度，同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布)，有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。

第二步：采取”结构扫描“法阅读具体的一篇文章。

所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体(Academic)，是北美国际留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，均议论文、说明文，显著的特点是呈板块结构。

托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。

所以，采取”结构扫描"法读托福阅读文章，意味着以快捷的方式了解文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。

篇12：托福阅读加试部分考试细节信息介绍

【入门基础】托福阅读加试部分考试细节信息汇总介绍

托福考试加试基本概念介绍

首先我们要搞清托福加试是一种收集研究数据、测试新研发试题难度及可靠性的手段，是保证广大考生获得公平、精确和有效的测试而开展的标准化工作的核心部分。当然，不仅是托福考试，加试题这种形式在很多其他的考试中都广泛存在。

托福阅读到底怎么加试?

托福考生往往会在阅读部分碰到加试试题。托福阅读部分正常的考题是三篇文章，总计时间为一个小时。如果有加考，考生将在做了三篇文章之后被要求再做一篇，时间大约为20分钟。托福阅读加试有两种：经典加试和非经典加试。经典加试的出现几率大于非经典加试。考生一定要熟悉阅读经典加试的题目，这样才能在考试中获取更高的加试分数。话虽如此，如今托福考试对于加试已经做出了很多调整，其中关于经典加试的部分也已经发生改变，一方面如今的经典加试题也有可能会是正式算分题，另一方面以前的经典加试题目正在逐渐被新的加试题取代，考生已经越来越难区分经典加试的概念了。

托福阅读加试具有不可辨识性

托福阅读加试题都是随机出现的，与考生之前的答题情况没有关系。而且，不只是加考篇目，整个阅读篇目也没有固定的顺序，同一考场不同考生遇到的篇目顺序也是不同的，或者说是随机的。考生在应试过程中不会被告知哪道题是加试题。要想判断加考题，只有考试结束，考生互相比对自己做到的题目，那些不是每个人都做到的题目才是加考题。因此考生在考试时需要把每道题都按照考试题一样认真对待，既不要害怕，也不要抱有侥幸心理。

托福阅读加试算分规则分析

说到这里，细心的考生可能会问：托福阅读加试算不算分，它对考生最终的成绩有没有影响呢?这也是小编将会重点和大家谈到的问题，下面一起来看看吧。

托福阅读加试作为一个标杆来衡量考试的难度，不计入考试的分数，但有可能会影响到考生的成绩。托福加试对考生的分数有没有影响要看这场考试考生的整体水平：

1. 如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。

2. 如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。

3. 如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。

如今的托福阅读加试对比过去只要看过经典加试就能发现的简单模式来说已经有了很多变化，经典加试越来越难分辨，考生面对阅读如果遇到加试也需要端正心态一视同仁地进行解答。假如考生对于托福阅读加试还存在疑问，那么通过本文内容相信大家也能找到满意的答案。

托福阅读的顺序很重要

托福阅读顺序很重要。托福阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种：先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题。

它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题。

对于多数人来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。

在托福阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。

关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。

如何正确使用TPO提高托福阅读能力

现在我们能得到的最好的题就是TPO的题，因为它是真题。这套题的价值在于他能够准确的显示托福考试的难度，时间，单词量等一系列我们需要达到的标准。这套题对于我们来说要做的，不仅仅把这些题做完了事，如果是这样的话，那么对于大多数考友来说我们仅仅是把这套题最浅层的价值挖掘了出来。就像我们去拜访牛津，如果我们仅仅用照片带回了那些古堡，那么我们仅是带回了他的外表，仅此而已。但是如果我们能去了解它的文化，了解他的管理机制，当然更重要的是它的运作理念，我们才能建立起中国的牛津。TPO亦是如此。

因此如果你备考时间很短，比如说只有半个月，那么对你来说也仅能是把这些题做完，然后再对一下答案，仅此而已。但是如果你还是在仰视这个考试，那么你就应该给自己留出充足的时间。

第一步：先把第1、2套TPO的阅读，每套题按规定时间60分钟做完。看看自己的真实水平。

第二步：把这里面所有不认识的核心单词查出来，背熟!

第三步：把整篇文章全都翻译一遍，然后对比一下译文，看看自己到底哪里理解错误。

第四步：将每一道题，而不仅仅是做错的题目，分析到底原文是怎么说，以及原文到底哪一句话得出了这道题的正确答案，如果是这道题你做错了你还要弄清一开始你为什么把这道题做错了，当时你是怎么理解的。

这里的第一遍其实没有给你带来任何的提高，但是很多人仅仅做了第一步。这里面给人的英语水平带来提高的，或者说能提升你考试分数的其实是在第二步，第三步，第四步。

接下来就要多自己的水平做一个评估了，如果你感觉正确率在80%以上，同时翻译的正确率90%以上。那么你就应该坚持把TPO当做你准备托福考试的唯一材料。但是如果你没有在这个水平线之上，那么你就应该先做《Barron》或者《托福120分》等辅导材料，拿这些材料重复前面的1-4步来提高自己的能力，尤其是第2步和第3步对你的理解水平提升是最为明显的!一定要坚持下来。

但是如果你能在TPO1、2套能大到85%以上正确率。那么请你再移步TPO8、11两套，再次验证自己的能力，因为Tpo1、2套还是低于真正考试的难度，TPO8、11两套，才基本上是与现行的新托福考试难度平行的。

TPO1、2两套只是一个起步，请牢记这一点!

再接下来我们利用TPO的方法应该是这样的。

第一步：每次都要把TPO的阅读，每套题按规定时间60分钟做完。保证自己的做题感觉!

第二步：把这里面所有不认识的核心单词查出来，背熟!这是你真正接近新托福考试的关键。

第三步：要么把重点的长难句搞懂，要么就是把整篇文章全都翻译一遍，然后对比译文，看看自己到底哪里理解错误。这个看自己对文章的理解到底达到什么程度而定，这里面特别提示海外留学生与国际学校里面的学生，这一步特别重要!因为这些学生往往就是不注重细节的理解，但是新托福考试一个很重要的考察点，就是细节的考察。

第四步：与上面一样。将每一道题，而不仅仅是做错的题目，分析到底原文是怎么说，以及原文到底哪一句话得出了这道题的正确答案，如果是这道题你做错了你还要弄清一开始你为什么把这道题做错了，当时你是怎么理解的。

提高托福阅读速度的三种方法

影响速度的6大恶习：

1、逐字阅读 ---应该采用意群阅读法。

2、回读 ----阅读讲究一气呵成，不要遇到生词，难点就又从头读。容易割裂句子之间的语义关系。

3、指读。用手，笔指着书一行行读。

4、出声阅读。

5、晃头读。

6、心译。

提高托福阅读速度的4大方法：

方法一：快速泛读(fastextensive reading)

这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。

方法二：计时阅读(timed reading)

计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。

方法三：寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

方法四：略读(skimming)

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。

略读有下列几个特点：

A.以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C.理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。

提醒大家提高托福阅读速度是一定要在保证答题的正确率的前提下进行的。所以大家在阅读文章的时候，前期一定不要求快，在掌握了托福阅读文章的特点之后再加快速速度也不晚。

篇13：托福写作时间如何分配

托福时间分配：托福写作时间如何分配?

一.托福写作时间详解

综合写作(20分钟)

对于以阅读和听力材料为基础的写作试题，考生首先需要3分钟阅读一篇学术短文，并主要记下文章观点和一些主要词汇，为下面的听力部分做准备。然后文章隐去，这时考生需要听一段大约为2分钟的课堂讲解。刚阅读过的短文内容有关，一般是对阅读材料中观点的反驳。

所以，考生就要针对每个观点分别记下听力中给出的反驳理由和例子。有时听力的内容是对阅读材料观点的补充说明，理由和例子也要相应记下。接下来，考生有20分钟的时间来总结听力材料中的要点，并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要求有何不同。通常有效的回答应是一篇150-225个单词的作文。每个写作任务的分数是0-5分。考查综合语言技能的作文题目的评分以回答的质量、完整性和准确性为依据。

时间总长(20分钟)

阅读学术短文(1篇)，记录观点和词汇3min

听课堂讲解(记录反驳理由和例子) 2min

总结/解释听力材料要点20min

检查/完善5min

独立写作(30分钟)

独立写作试题部分需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对待某一问题的某个看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇300个单词左右的作文。

二.托福写作时间分配方法

托福独立写作时间分配

第一步：3分钟审题列提纲

要避免两个极端：(只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，欲速则不达;用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做到。

第二步：20分钟正文写作

a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n种选择可供参考：1.举具体事例2.说对方相对缺点3.使用数据4.使用假想例子5.使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。哪一种你最容易想出来，就用哪一种。

b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练，并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套话。

……

第三步：留出3分钟检查

1.时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时;

2.句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。

3.主谓一致按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。

托福考试作文独立写作范文：教育孩子最好的方式

现在有一些学校require children(5-11岁) to work together instead of working on their own during most of their learning process， do you agree or disagree that is the best way to teach children?

托福写作模板及参考答案：

托福写作范文参考:

2016年10月16日托福独立写作范文

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Many schools require young children (aged 5-11) to work together in a small group instead of working alone to learn man activities.

Educators and researchers have never stopped the examination of the importance and relevance of collaborative learning that are encouraged by middle schools. When compared with studying alone, I, personally, believe that it is far more beneficial to students when working in groups for the following reasons.

First off, working in a group can be very conducive for students since they can help students to study more effectively and thus tackle real-world issues. A recent study conducted by University of Minnesota backed up the claim that study teams, collaborative learning and group projects are far more effective in helping students to develop useful skills than traditional teacher-led teaching approach. In fact, when learning in groups, students have to do some research about the topic they are expected to discuss beforehand, which helps them to clear up some misunderstandings and boast their enthusiasm in academic exploration. Clearly, working in a group can help students to retain information for a much longer time and have a much deeper understanding of some concepts and ideas. Consequently, if teachers categorize students and organize them in small study groups, chances are that they would solve complex issues together, like researching the history of the city, examining the water quality of the local town, so on and so forth. Students can develop critical thinking skills as well as learn to collect and analyze information from multiple sources.

Additionally, working in groups has much deeper implications beyond students’ academic experience. As the saying goes: “many hands make light work”. Actually it remains as relevant today as it did a century ago. To be more specific, working together helps to develop skills like cooperation, organization and leadership. When learning in a group, every single student gets a chance to contribute their knowledge to the group, and they can learn to appreciate the work of other students simultaneously as well. What’s more, they have to work closely with others for the same goal otherwise they might not be able to compete with other study groups. More importantly, students will get exposure to distinctive perspectives and at the same time learn how to accept different points of view and find common ground in this process. Such an educational experience will not only be helpful for their future study but also beneficial to them when they have to deal with coworkers, clients, and teammates in a professional setting in the future. Numerous studies have shown that students who have prior experience working with others enjoy a better chance to be successful in their future career.

In conclusion, working together in a group has far more meaningful implications than working alone since collaborative learning helps students to learn much more effectively and develop important skills that are vital for their future study and career.

托福考试作文独立写作范文：城市领导如何保障城市繁荣

As the leader of a city, what would you doto ensure the prosperity and success of the city?

A. creating job opportunities for theunemployed;

B. lowering food price;

C. providing affordable housing

题目大意：作为一个城市的领导想要保障城市的繁荣，要做以下三项：为失业人员提供就业机会，降低食物价格，提供经济适用房。波波建议选择为失业人员提供工作，证明其重要性，然后另外一段将两个选项的不必要性阐述明白。

范文参考一:

In a society changing amazingly, that how to gurantee the prosperity and success of a city， the common target of all citizens，has always been brought under the spotlight of the massive media. When talking about which factor plays the most crucial role in ensuring city's smooth development, among creating job vacancy, lowering food price or adjusting housing price, people’s notion varies from one to another. From my perspective, providing job opportunities for the unemployed is the best choice.

In the first instance, offering job vacancies to the laid-offs will not only guarantee the social security and safety but also strengthen the purchasing power of the public. For one thing, given the indisputable fact that the unemployed without any income are likely to commit crimes such as theft of wallets or burglaries due to lack of daily necessities, it is self-evident that the greater the number of laid-offs is, the more unstable our society will become. Therefore, after satisfying their basic needs of life with the income from the job offered by the government, they will no longer be a threat to the stability of the whole society, which is the solid foundation for social progress and prosperity. For another, as long as citizens with jobs have more free disposable money and thus possess stronger purchasing monitory power, the various industries will be stimulated and propelled to a large extent. To be specific, with the accruing wealth, an increasing number of people will purchase a private car to commute to their office, with the result that the whole industry of automobiles will experience a booming period. The same logic can also be true of other industries and fields.

Furthermore, there are obvious disadvantages of the other two policies, lowering the food price and making the price of house affordable. Despite the fact that keeping the food price low and providing affordable housing will lessen the financial burden of the dwellers in the city in a short term, these two practices would hinder the future success of the whole society. To illustrate, the low price of food will definitely decrease the income of food producers, especially the farmers who support their family by selling what they plant and raise. As a result, they are likely to have great difficulty in making their ends meet, thus ending up becoming homeless or jobless. Also, in a long run, increasing housing affordability will put a damper on the citizens’ passion for creating wealth and thus decrease the dynamics of the whole society. Specifically speaking, when the price is so cheap that nearly everyone can afford it with ease, no one will work hard any more.

In a nutshell, I am convinced that the most effective and efficient way to boom a city is to create more job opportunities for the jobless.

写作参考二:

All governments on the planet engage in finding the best methods to develop their country into a more powerful nation with abundant resources. These methods are supposed to cover as many people as possible and with no doubt, be effective enough to bring about profits as soon as possible. Among all the approaches that are aiming at advancing a country, I firmly believe that the issues associated with food is more important and should be paid more attention to by countries.

First of all, under no circumstances can human live without food supply, which is the premise of all human activities. As a result, solving the problems in agriculture and the availability of food to all people is an essential factor in the development of a country. When people have rice to eat, they have more energy to work in the fields; when people are supplied with meat, they are more passionate in manufacturing crafts and tools; when people have cheaper fruits on the markets, they become more willing to serve his customers at work; when people have easier access to clothes, they are more inspired in doing researches and experiments. No progress can be made with hungry stomachs.

Second, it is easier to advance agriculture than to create more job positions for unemployed workers. Increasing agricultural production depend largely on good command of planting or farming knowledge and technology. For the knowledge aspect, information can be obtained through diverse channels like books, magazines and the internet, where information is not only authorized but also comprehensive. For the technology aspect, the governments can either invest in researches in crop properties or genetic modification or purchase equipment or technology from those few highly developed countries who fulfill the responsibility to help more other countries. Nonetheless, creating work opportunities is not that easy, since companies, either state owned or privately owned, have certain precise requirement for the number of workers according to the types of business they undertake and current situation of the market.

Finally, promoting the food industry benefit more people than affordable housing can do. As we have discussed above, food is needed by everybody and better agricultural conditions make a so great difference that it extends how far a government can go. In contrast, few people need houses, especially in this modernized society, as a direct consequence of building more housing apartments, most individuals already possess a house to live in, where means whether the houses are affordable or not has little or no influence on the overall development of the country.

To sum up, I believe what we eat means more than what we do and where we live. The leaders of all countries should focus more on the improvement of food availability and more and more people will live a happier life.

托福写作